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The informal sector, informal economy, or grey economy〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Economics focus: In the shadows - The Economist )〕 is the part of an economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government. Unlike the formal economy, activities that are engaged in the informal economy are not included in the gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) of a country.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://rru.worldbank.org/Documents/PapersLinks/Sida.pdf )〕 The informal sector can be described as a grey market in labour. Other concepts which can be characterized as informal sector can include the black market(shadow economy, underground economy), the agorism, and System D. Associated idioms include "under the table", "off the books" and "working for cash". Although the informal sector makes up a significant portion of the economies in developing countries – about 41% in 2000 according to the official GNI metric〔 – it is often stigmatized as troublesome and unmanageable. However the informal sector provides critical economy opportunities for the poor〔〔 and has been expanding rapidly since the 1960s.〔 As such, integrating the informal economy into the formal sector is an important policy challenge.〔 ==Definition== The original use of the term ‘informal sector’ is attributed to the economic development model put forward by W. Arthur Lewis, used to describe employment or livelihood generation primarily within the developing world. It was used to describe a type of employment that was viewed as falling outside of the modern industrial sector. An alternative definition uses job security as the measure of formality, defining participants in the informal economy as those 'who do not have employment security, work security and social security.” While both of these definitions imply a lack of choice or agency in involvement with the informal economy, participation may also be driven by a wish to avoid regulation or taxation. This may manifest as unreported employment, hidden from the state for tax, social security or labour law purposes, but legal in all other aspects. The term is also useful in describing and accounting for forms of shelter or living arrangements that are similarly unlawful, unregulated, or not afforded protection of the state. ‘Informal economy’ is increasingly replacing ‘informal sector’〔 as the preferred descriptor for this activity. Informality, both in housing and livelihood generation has often been seen as a social ill, and described either in terms of what participant’s lack, or wish to avoid. A countervailing view, put forward by prominent Dutch sociologist Saskia Sassen is that the modern or new ‘informal’ sector is the product and driver of advanced capitalism and the site of the most entrepreneurial aspects of the urban economy, led by creative professionals such as artists, architects, designers and soft-ware developers. While this manifestation of the informal sector remains largely a feature of developed countries, increasingly systems are emerging to facilitate similarly qualified people in developing countries to participate 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Informal sector」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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